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Immunomodulation using bacterialeEnterotoxins
(2001-03-01) Simmons, Cameron; Test, Test
Immunologic unresponsiveness (tolerance) is a key feature of the mucosal immune system, and deliberate vaccination by a mucosal route can effectively induce immune suppression. However, some bacterial-derived proteins, e.g. cholera toxin and the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli, are immunogenic and immunomodulatory at mucosal surfaces and can effectively adjuvant immune responses to codelivered bystander antigens. This review summarizes some of the structural and biological characteristics of these toxins and provides examples of how these properties have been exploited for tolerance induction and mucosal vaccine development.
Host defences to Citrobacter rodentium
(2003-04-01) Simmons, Cameron; Test, Test
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural non-invasive bacterial pathogen which infects the distal colon of mice. It uses the same molecular mechanisms of type III secretion as human enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to colonise the epithelial cells of the gut and is therefore an ideal model to study host-bacterial pathogen interactions in vivo. Infection elicits mucosal inflammation with similarities to inflammatory bowel disease, and so it is a readily accessible model to investigate the relationship between inflammation and anti-bacterial immunity in the gut.